Bahrain’s Urban Transformation

Recalling the time when the Burj Khalifa had its grand opening ceremony, I found myself in Bahrain for a business meeting rather than attending the launch of the world’s tallest structure. I traveled to Bahrain with the Korean Prime Minister’s officers and several high-ranking corporate executives, including Hyundai Construction, for this critical discussion.

An Unforgettable Arrival

When we arrived at the new Dubai International Airport in the summer, it was around 4 a.m. after a lengthy flight from Seoul. Despite the early hour, the temperature was already above 40 degrees Celsius, with extreme humidity making the air feel thick and stifling. Stepping outside the plane, I experienced an overwhelming heat that was almost suffocating—it felt as though the air itself was pressing against me, and breathing was akin to inhaling through a hot, damp cloth. The sweltering conditions were unlike anything I had encountered before, and the sensation of the humid heat was unforgettable.

Inside the terminal, however, the atmosphere changed completely. The vastness of the new airport was immediately apparent, and the recently opened lounge was a marvel of luxury and comfort. Its spacious design, modern aesthetics, and impressive amenities provided a stark contrast to the intense heat outside, offering a cool and refreshing sanctuary amid the extreme weather. Although the airport has since aged and is not as luxurious as it once was due to the increase in passenger numbers and overcrowded lounges, it remains a crucial hub in the Middle East and continues to serve its purpose effectively.

Our group had a layover of about three hours before proceeding to Bahrain. The Emirates service was exceptional; the flight attendants spoke five languages, ensuring effective communication with passengers. The seats, with their extra cushioning, were extremely comfortable. Unfortunately, our group caused a delay in the plane's departure due to an unrealized gate change. The aircraft waited for us, and the ground staff swiftly escorted us to the correct gate. We sincerely apologized for the inconvenience caused to the other passengers.

Upon arriving at Bahrain airport and heading to our hotel—our destination for the meeting—I was set to attend a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signing ceremony with the Iraqi government, attended by one of the heads of a primary political party, various governors, and other key figures. I was honored to be part of this significant event. A U.S. Marine General, overseeing the area, also joined as a witness to the signing. Later, Hyundai Construction went on to build a mixed-use complex on the site of the former airport base. At that time, very few dared to enter Iraq due to ongoing terrorist attacks and turmoil, including myself, which is why the meeting was held in Bahrain instead. Even with many soldiers assigned as bodyguards, there was undeniable hesitation about going there.

After the signing ceremony, our host entertained us by taking us to various places and eventually inviting us to his home, where he showcased an impressive collection of antiques. Later, he brought us to the British Club, one of the oldest and most popular clubs in Bahrain, founded in 1935.

From Desert Oil Land to Modern Oasis

Despite its small population, Bahrain was a significant oil producer and mostly a desert landscape. It was home to a few notable hotels, such as the Bahrain Hotel, which hosted visitors from Saudi Arabia and other regions. Since alcohol is restricted in many Islamic countries, Saudi visitors often crossed the bridge on weekends to enjoy Bahrain’s more relaxed atmosphere before returning home. This transformation from desert oil land to a thriving, modern development is a testament to the region’s dynamic changes and ongoing evolution.

Bahrain and its neighboring Gulf countries are characterized by vast desert landscapes with sparse vegetation, defined by their arid climate and extreme temperatures. This desert environment has historically shaped the way of life, architecture, and economic activities in the region. Despite the challenging terrain, Bahrain emerged as one of the earliest oil producers in the Gulf, with the discovery of oil in 1932 marking a pivotal moment in its development. The oil boom transformed Bahrain from a small trading and pearling hub into a key player in the global oil industry, setting the stage for rapid modernization and urbanization.

Culture and Lifestyle

Cultural traditions in Bahrain are deeply rooted in Islamic values, yet the country is known for its relative openness compared to some of its neighbors. Bahrain’s capital, Manama, is a vibrant city where modern skyscrapers stand alongside traditional souks, mosques, and historic forts. The population is a blend of Bahraini nationals and a significant expatriate community, contributing to a multicultural atmosphere.

While many Gulf countries have strict regulations on alcohol consumption, Bahrain has more liberal laws, allowing licensed hotels and restaurants to serve alcohol. This makes it a popular destination for visitors from neighboring Saudi Arabia, where alcohol is banned. This cultural nuance is evident during weekends when Saudis frequently cross the King Fahd Causeway to enjoy the relatively relaxed social scene, shopping, and entertainment Bahrain offers.

When I first visited Bahrain, I walked a short distance before quickly hopping into the car due to the intense heat. Bahrain’s climate is arid, with scorching summers that can see temperatures soar above 40°C (104°F) and mild winters averaging around 20°C (68°F). Rainfall is minimal, usually occurring between November and April, and the country often experiences dust storms due to strong winds sweeping through the desert. The harsh climate has influenced traditional architecture, with homes historically designed to keep interiors cool through thick walls, narrow windows, and wind towers that harness breezes for natural ventilation. As we drove through the arid landscape, I observed fires burning at the gas fields. These are known as gas flares, which are used to safely burn off excess natural gas that cannot be processed or transported. For a couple of hours, the view consisted mainly of the vast desert and columns of flames rising from the gas fields.

After returning to the hotel, it was nearly dinner time. The hotel featured a Mediterranean restaurant where the host entertained us with a belly dancer performance. The food was exquisite and authentic, capturing the essence of Mediterranean cuisine. This included dishes like fresh hummus, tzatziki, grilled lamb kebabs, and assorted mezes. The rich flavors and vibrant ingredients such as olives, herbs, and spices showcased the region's culinary heritage.

Around 10 p.m., I noticed that this was the most active time of the evening. The temperature had dropped, bringing a cool breeze that made the outdoor areas more comfortable. Many people took advantage of the pleasant weather, enjoying drinks at the bar with its outdoor seating, where the ambiance was lively and relaxed.

Despite rapid modernization, Bahrain remains deeply connected to its cultural roots. Traditional music, dance, and art continue to thrive, and festivals such as Eid, Ramadan, and the annual Formula 1 Grand Prix attract locals and visitors alike. The country’s ability to balance tradition with modernity is a testament to its resilience and adaptability in an ever-changing world.

Modern Development Amidst the Desert

Oil wealth has not only driven economic growth but also significantly shaped the social and cultural landscape of the region. It has enabled substantial investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, transforming the Gulf into a global economic hub. However, the heavy reliance on oil presents challenges, prompting countries like Bahrain to diversify their economies through tourism, finance, and technology.

The wealth generated from oil has fueled remarkable urban development, with cities emerging from the desert landscape. Once inhospitable environments have been transformed into bustling metropolises, boasting state-of-the-art infrastructure, luxury hotels, financial districts, and expansive shopping malls. This rapid modernization often contrasts with traditional desert life, evident in Bahrain’s ambitious projects, such as reclaiming land from the sea for urban expansion.

Despite the challenges posed by extreme heat and water scarcity, Bahrain and other Gulf nations have made significant investments in sustainable urban environments. These efforts include advancements in water desalination, the use of solar energy, and eco-friendly architecture designed to endure the harsh climate while providing comfortable living conditions.

New Master Plans and Development in Bahrain

Bahrain, like many Gulf states, is undergoing a transformation driven by ambitious master plans aimed at diversifying the economy, enhancing the quality of life, and creating sustainable urban environments. These developments are reshaping the country’s landscape, turning once-undeveloped desert areas into vibrant, modern cities. Key elements of these new master plans include mixed-use developments, smart cities, waterfront projects, and sustainable communities that cater to both residents and international visitors.

This new large-scale master plan was developed by my previous company, SOM, before the Lehman shock. The project eventually moved forward, leading to significant construction and development.

Master Plan Principles

1. Develop a Unified Vision: Create a cohesive master plan that integrates all aspects of development.
2. Foster a Market Economy: Build a market economy that is specialized for both global and regional markets.
3. Preserve Environmental Resources: Protect and enhance the country’s environmental assets.
4. Establish Interconnected Transportation: Implement an integrated and multimodal transportation strategy.
5. Cultivate Distinct Communities: Develop unique and well-defined communities.
6. Define the Public Waterfront: Clearly articulate and enhance the public waterfront areas.
7. Protect Cultural and Archaeological Heritage: Safeguard and preserve the nation's cultural and archaeological sites.
8. Address Military Needs: Accommodate future military requirements and infrastructure.
9. Promote Green Initiatives: Advance environmental sustainability and green practices.
10. Encourage a Sustainable Future: Drive initiatives that support long-term sustainability and resilience.

Key Aspects of New Master Plans

1. Mixed-Use Developments: Modern master plans in Bahrain emphasize mixed-use developments that combine residential, commercial, leisure, and cultural spaces within integrated environments. These developments are designed to reduce travel times, enhance livability, and create vibrant urban centers where people can live, work, and play in close proximity. A prime example is Bahrain Bay, a waterfront development that integrates luxury residences, office spaces, hotels, and public parks, all connected by pedestrian-friendly promenades.
2. Smart City Initiatives: Bahrain is investing in smart city technologies to improve urban efficiency and sustainability. These initiatives include the use of advanced digital infrastructure, IoT (Internet of Things), and data analytics to manage traffic, energy, waste, and water more effectively. Smart city projects are designed to create tech-enabled environments that enhance the quality of life, promote sustainability, and support Bahrain’s vision of becoming a regional tech hub.
3. Waterfront and Reclaimed Land Projects: Land reclamation plays a significant role in Bahrain’s urban expansion due to its limited natural land resources. Projects like Diyar Al Muharraq, a large-scale development built on reclaimed land, are designed to offer waterfront living with a blend of residential villas, apartment complexes, shopping centers, and public beaches. These projects aim to provide a luxurious lifestyle while maximizing the use of Bahrain’s coastal geography.
4. Sustainable Urban Design: Environmental sustainability is at the forefront of Bahrain’s new developments, reflecting a shift towards greener building practices. Developments incorporate energy-efficient buildings, green spaces, water-saving technologies, and renewable energy sources like solar power. Sustainable urban design not only helps mitigate the environmental impact of urban growth but also enhances the resilience of cities to climate change.
5. Infrastructure and Connectivity: Master plans emphasize enhancing infrastructure and connectivity, including expanding road networks, building bridges, and developing public transport systems like the proposed Bahrain Metro. Improved connectivity is crucial for economic growth and tourism, exemplified by the King Hamad Causeway, which will connect Bahrain to Saudi Arabia, boosting trade and travel.
6. Cultural and Recreational Spaces: New developments in Bahrain prioritize cultural and leisure spaces, such as cultural centers, museums, sports facilities, and public parks. These additions enrich the cultural landscape, improve the quality of life, and enhance Bahrain's status as a cultural and tourist destination.
7. High-End Residential and Commercial Spaces: Master plans often include luxury residential and commercial areas catering to affluent residents and international businesses. Upscale towers, shopping malls, and premium office spaces reflect Bahrain’s ambition to be a global business and tourism hub.
8. Economic Diversification: Bahrain’s master plans are part of a broader strategy to diversify the economy away from oil dependence. New business hubs, financial districts, and tech parks, like the Bahrain International Investment Park, are designed to attract international companies, fostering innovation and job creation.

Transformation from Affordable to Luxury Housing

Bahrain’s master plans initially aimed to provide affordable housing, but high demand and rising popularity led to soaring property prices, transforming these developments into luxury properties accessible only to the wealthy. Several factors contributed to this shift:

1. High Demand and Market Dynamics: High interest from local and international buyers drives up property prices, pushing developments toward luxury markets.
2. Speculation and Investor Influence: Investors buy properties for resale, inflating prices and encouraging developers to add luxury features.
3. Rising Construction Costs: Increased costs lead developers to upscale their projects to maintain profit margins, adding premium amenities.
4. Enhanced Amenities: Developers upgrade facilities to attract higher-paying buyers, transforming originally affordable projects into luxury offerings.
5. Location Premiums: Prime locations and improved infrastructure make developments highly desirable, further increasing prices.
6. Shift in Target Market: Developers shift focus from middle-income families to affluent buyers, marketing properties as exclusive luxury living.
7. Government Policies and Economic Factors: Policies that attract foreign investors can drive the market toward high-end housing.
8. Prestige and Brand Association: Luxury developments gain status, encouraging continued upscale construction, distancing projects from their affordable roots.

Evolving Urban Landscape

Projects like Diyar Al Muharraq exemplify this transformation, evolving from mixed-use or affordable housing into luxury properties driven by market dynamics and increasing demand. Bahrain’s master plans are redefining its urban landscape, promoting modernization, and supporting sustainable development. These plans strike a balance between progress and tradition, positioning Bahrain as a dynamic model of how strategic planning can reshape urban environments and drive economic growth.